Effect of advanced/hybrid oxidation process involving ultrasonication and ultraviolet radiation (sonophotolysis) on anthocyanin stability: Degradation kinetics and mechanism.

The hybrid oxidation effect of ultrasonics (US) and ultraviolet light (UV-A) on Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) stability were examined. For comparison, sonolysis and photolysis experiments were also conducted. The results showed that under hybrid sonophotolysis and sonolysis treatment, C3G degradation undergoes zero-order kinetics, while under photolysis, first-order degradation kinetic prevailed. The degradation rate increases with the increase in US power, with the lowest, was recorded as 0.70 µg/ml/h (14 W/L) and 0.77 µg/ml/h (28 W/L), and highest as 0.80 µg/ml/h (42 W/L). Similarly, the degradation ability of UV photolysis at 400 µW/cm2 was weak, which increased with increasing UV power (600 µW/cm2). Overall the sonophotolysis degradation rate was significantly higher than that of the individual effect. With the addition of gallic acid (GA), the degradation of C3G was found lower under sonophotolysis; thus, it could be used as a natural protective agent for C3G during food processing.

Proteomic analysis of saffron (Crocus sativus L. ) grown under conditions of cadmium toxicity / Análise proteômica do açafrão (Crocus sativus L. ) cultivado sob condições de toxicidade por cádmio

Cd is a highly detrimental global environmental pollutant. Plants have evolved complex defense mechanisms as an adaptation to against Cd toxicity. In this study, a pot experiment was performed to evaluate the protein profile of saffron in response to Cd stress. Fifteen proteins were found to be up-regulated in the leaves of plants under Cd stress and were primarily related to metabolism, signal transduction, stress and defense response and energy. Eleven proteins were found to be down-regulated following Cd treatment, including ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), ferredoxin-NADP reductase, a 70 kDa heat shock-related protein and three protein synthesis-associated proteins. The results provide valuable insights regarding the molecular mechanism of saffron in response to Cd toxicity and the possible utilization of genetic resources in developing Cd tolerant/low-accumulation saffron.

O cádmio (Cd) é um poluente ambiental global altamente prejudicial. As plantas desenvolveram mecanismos de defesa complexos como uma adaptação contra a toxicidade por Cd. Neste estudo, realizou-se um experimento em vaso para avaliar o perfil proteico do açafrão em resposta ao estresse por Cd. Foi descoberto que quinze proteínas foram supra-reguladas (up-regulated) nas folhas de plantas sob estresse por Cd e foram principalmente relacionados ao metabolismo, transdução de sinal, estresse e resposta de defesa e energia. Foi descoberto ainda que onze proteínas foram infra-reguladas (down-regulated) após tratamento com Cd, incluindo ribulose bifosfato carboxilase oxigenase (RuBisCO), ferredoxina-NADP redutase, uma proteína relacionada com o choque térmico de 70 kDa e três proteínas associadas à síntese de proteínas. Os resultados fornecem informações valiosas sobre o mecanismo molecular do açafrão em resposta à toxicidade do Cd e a possível utilização de recursos genéticos no desenvolvimento de açafrão tolerante ao Cd e de baixa acumulação.